Motions relative to a fixed earth look like this

Greeks approximated this motion by using circular epicycles:

Thier model didn't work well (disagreed w/ data) because orbits are non-circular, sun is not
at center or orbit, and planet moves w/ variable speed. Ptolemy attempted to fix this up.

Correct explanation: Elliptical orbits (Sun not a center of ellipse) & passing planets:

Having measured distance to Moon using Hipparchus technique, can now
estimate distance between Earth (or Moon) and the Sun

How the Heliocentric Model explains sky patterns: